The spinal cord is supplied by three longitudinal arteries. The three longitudinal arteries are the anterior spinal artery, and the right and left posterior spinal arteries. Repeated measurements of spinal cord and renal cortical blood flow from the left and right kidneys with three different microsphere colors in 5 pigs were taken to validate reproducibility. Inferiorly the anterior and posterior spinal arteries join as the cruciate anastomosis of the conus medullaris 4. Anatomical study of blood supply to the spinal cord the. The blood supply of the spinal cord is a complex system based on multilevel sources and anastomoses. In the pig, these vessels are supplying a much larger volume of tissue in the head and neck than in humans. Low incidences of spinal cord ischemia after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair, despite sacrifice of all segmental arteries, have recently been reported. The anterior spinal artery supplies the ventral surface of the medulla and also the spinal cord. Blood supply of the forebrain in horizontal a coronal section b arteria choroidea anterior 16 15 damage syndroms a. Studies in the pig model will also be important to verify safety and refine protective measures designed for clinical use in preventing.
Angiographic localization of spinal cord blood supply and. The spinal cord is cylindrical structure, somewhat flattened anteroposteriorly. Jun 27, 20 the blood supply of the spinal cord is a complex system based on multilevel sources and anastomoses. Recognizing spinal cord ischemia early is critical so that the processes causing ischemia can be addressed to limit sci. Arterial blood supply to the spinal cord in animal models. The girth of spinal cord increases substantially in the regions that supply origin to large nerves of the limbs. These radicular arteries are arranged radially, and course alongside the dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves to pierce and supply blood to the spinal cord.
The spinal cord supplies origin to 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The spinal cord blood vessels are affected by changes in po 2 and pco 2, with hypercapnia increasing spinal cord blood flow in a similar manner as in cerebral blood flow. Cohengadol3 1pediatric neurosurgery, childrens hospital of alabama, birmingham, alabama 2department of anatomic sciences, st. The regulation of spinal cord blood flow is similar to that of brain blood flow. Anatomy and blood supply of spinal cord slideshare. Optimal preoperative imaging of spinal cord blood supply. Adamkiewicz 1881 studied particularly the course and distribution ofboth arteries and veins in the white and grey matter of the cord. In view of its importance in spinal ischemia, an analysis is needed of the anatomic vocabulary used to describe the spinal cord blood supply to improve understanding of the subject. A flush injection of the midthoracic aorta in an 81yearold man. What is the anatomy of spinal blood supply relevant to. Evaluation of a patient with spinal cord infarction after. Evaluation of a patient with spinal cord infarction after a.
In this article, we shall examine the macroscopic anatomy of the spinal cord its structure, membranous coverings and blood supply. Abstract the intricate threedimensional vascular anatomy of the spinal cord is still not completely understood, and its terminology varies between studies. The anterior and posterior radicular arteries arise from spinal branches of the vertebral, ascending cervical, deep cervical, intercostal, lumbar and sacral arteries. Most of the time, this is a result of a narrowing of the arteries blood vessels that supply blood to the spinal cord. Jul 03, 2017 anatomy and blood supply of spinal cord 1.
Vascular anatomy of the spinal cord to understand the mechanisms of spinal cord ischemia, one must first understand the vascular supply of the cord, which leaves the thoracic cord particularly vulnerable to ischemia. This spinal column provides the main support for your body, allowing you to stand upright, bend, and twist, while protecting the spinal cord from injury. Blood supply of spinal cord a203 2 posterior spinal arteries smaller paired arteries lying just medial to dorsal roots. Spinal blood supply was first studied by albert wojciech adamkiewicz afi. Together, the spinal cord and the brain form the central nervous system.
This is an article covering the anatomy of the different arteries which supply the spinal cord with oxygenated blood. With the arterial supply, essentially you have two sources which supply the spinal. May 11, 2020 the anterior and posterior radicular arteries arise from spinal branches of the vertebral, ascending cervical, deep cervical, intercostal, lumbar and sacral arteries. Nishtha jain senior resident department of neurology gmc, kota 2. Blood supply to the human spinal cord wiley online library. To investigate the arterial blood supply of the spinal cord in rabbit as model in experimental spinal cord ischemia surgery.
Our purpose was to investigate the interaction of the important components of spinal cord blood supply in the pig model to enable its use for future studies of spinal cord protection. Tri n r aa abdnr aps cbl cc cp facnr for ginr hynr inf lgb loifs mb mcp mgb basilar a. Vertebral artery injection the technique of vertebral artery injection was previously described. A, the main aneurysm originates at t10 open arrow, but a second bulge in the wall of the vessels appears at t7 dark arrow. Dec 30, 20 3d anatomy tutorial on the blood supply to the spinal cord using the biodigital human. Schematic view of the blood supply of the spinal cord stemming from the aorta. Tempo of cord vascular disease the terms used to describe the tempo of brain. Spinal cord clinical anatomy and physiology dermatomes. Blood supply of cervical spinal cord in man published on jun 1966 by journal of neurosurgery publishing group. The spinal cord meninges vasculature teachmeanatomy. Pdf optimal preoperative imaging of spinal cord blood. Typically, muscles are weak or paralyzed, sensation is abnormal or lost, and controlling bladder and bowel function may be difficult. Blood volume in patients with cervical spinal cord injury. Spinal cord clinical anatomy and physiology dermatomes, blood supply, shingles, lumbar puncture duration.
Hey guys, this is peter from anatomyzone and in this tutorial were going to take a look at the blood supply to the spinal cord. Venous drainage is by six irregular plexiform channels there is one each along the, anterior and posterior midlines. Blood and its importance blood contains plasma fluid, red blood cells erythrocytes, white bloods cells, and platelets. Bolton fromthe research unitandpathologicaldepartment, nationalhospital, queensquare, london received 6th march, 1939 the problem of the blood supply of the human spinal cord was investigated inconsiderable detail byvarious workersat theendofthe last century. Axial view of the blood supply to the spinal cord and rootlets.
The spinal cord is a tubular bundle of nervous tissue and supporting cells that extends from the brainstem to the lumbar vertebrae. Part of the central nervous system cns extends caudally protected by the bony structures of the vertebral column. This, however, cannot be explained by previous anatomical findings, which prompted us to perform an anatomical study of blood supply to the spinal cord. Feb 11, 2019 spinal cord clinical anatomy and physiology dermatomes, blood supply, shingles, lumbar puncture armando hasudungan. The arterial network that supplies the human spinal cord, which was once thought to be similar to that of the brain, is in fact much different and more extensive. Anatomy and blood supply of spinal cord linkedin slideshare. For this view, the dura and arachnoid membranes have been cut longitudinally and retracted pulled aside. Vascular anatomy of the spinal cord and classification of spinal. Spinal cord blood supply radiology reference article. The arterial network that supplies the human spinal cord, which was once thought to be similar to that of the brain, is in fact much different and. Spinal cord blood flow is maintained by autoregulation. Anatomical study of blood supply to the spinal cord in the.
Our description of the blood supply to the spinal cord is, in our opinion, accurate according to the citations used in our article. A spinal stroke is caused by a disruption in the blood supply to the spine. The major blood supply of the cervical cord is derived from the anterior spinal artery, which is formed at the level of the foramen magnum by two branches of the intracranial vertebral arteries. Anatomy of spinal cord blood supply in the pig the. Dec 04, 2017 a spinal stroke is caused by a disruption in the blood supply to the spine. Large animal research using the pig model seems essential for investigation of the dynamics of blood supply to the spinal cord and the reaction of the spinal cord to transient and permanent ischemia 5,6,10. Jun 01, 2001 our description of the blood supply to the spinal cord is, in our opinion, accurate according to the citations used in our article. According to statistics published by the australian institute for health and welfare for 20072008, 79% of spinal cord injuries were due to traumatic causes and 21% from nontraumatic causes. Schematic drawing of the arterial supply to the spinal cord. Spinal cord blood flow an overview sciencedirect topics. Instead of find ing as in animals that every intercostal and lumbar artery provided posterior radicular branches to help supply the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, he demonstrated fewer and larger arteries. The anterior spinal artery supplies the anterior two thirds of the. To investigate the arterial blood supply of the spinal cord in rabbit as model in experimental spinal.
Arterial blood supply to the spinal cord in animal models of. The problem of the blood supply of the human spinal cord was investigated inconsiderable detail byvarious workersat theendofthe last century. Angiographic localization of spinal cord blood supply and its. Maintenance of blood volume in patients with cervical spinal cord injury is probably due to a reduction of central blood volume. The anterior and posterior spinal arteries are connected. Importance of extrasegmental vessels for spinal cord blood. Anatomy of spinal cord blood supply in the pig the annals.
Blood supply of spinal cord a203 3 upper thoracic anterior segmental medullary artery s. Blood supply to the spinal cord physical therapy oxford. The spinal cord blood supply is formed by many different vessels with an extensive collateral supply and drainage. Spinal cord anatomy blood supply 3d anatomy tutorial. Analysis of spinal cord blood supply combining vascular. Oculomotor nerve cranial nerve ill olive inferior olfactory tract optic chiasm optic nerve cranial. Venous drainage is by six irregular plexiform channels there is one each along the, anterior and posterior midlines and along the line of attachment of dorsal and ventral roots. Overview of spinal cord disorders msd manual consumer version. Volume number 1 january 1991 relationship of localization of spinal cord blood supply and paraplegia 25 fig. Pdf knowledge of the spinal cord sc vascular supply is important in patients undergoing procedures that involve the thoracic and. Diseases often affect this vascular supply and imaging has been developed that better investigates these structures. The spinal cord and its associated spinal nerves are supplied by a single anterior spinal artery and 2 posterior spinal arteries.
The arteriovenous shunt connections may be important to take into consideration not only for studies of spinal cord blood supply but also for studies dealing with cerebral blood flow and cerebral protection models. According to its rostrocaudal location the spinal cord can be divided into four parts. Ill first look at the arterial supply and then ill move onto the venous drainage. Causes of spinal cord disorders include injuries, infections, a blocked blood supply, and compression by a fractured bone or a tumor. The spinal cord circulation is derived from segmental branches off of the vertebral arteries as well as multiple radicular arteries arising from segmental vessels. In both rats and humans, the blood supply to the spinal cord is provided by three vessels that run along the spinal cord, namely the ventral anterior in a human spinal artery and the paired. Most of the time, this is a result of a narrowing of the arteries blood. Local increases in metabolic activity are paralleled by increases in cord blood flow. The spinal cord is supplied with blood by three arteries that run along its length starting in the brain, and many arteries that approach it through the sides of the spinal column. The arterial blood supply of the human spinal cord spinal cord. The arterial blood supply of the human spinal cord.